Joan Weibel-Orlando, focusing in this section on Native Americans she studied in urban California and at a reservation in South Dakota, makes a strong contribution to our knowledge about how cultural context affects the grandparenting role. Here she finds a broad cultural space with fluid boundaries between genealogical generations that provides a context for cross-generational cultural transmission and fostering of grandchildren. The lessons from her study can be profitably added to the articles on the ethnic aged in Part IV.